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What are the Best Microbiome Tests? What are the Best Microbiome Tests? As interest in the human microbiome grows, various microbiome tests have emerged, each offering unique insights into our health. Understanding which tests are best suited for individual needs can help inform decisions regarding health management and lifestyle changes. Skin Microbiome Testing Skin microbiome testing involves collecting samples from the skin's surface using methods like swabs, tape strips, or skin scrapings to analyse the diversity and composition of microorganisms residing on the skin. The samples are then processed through DNA sequencing techniques to identify microbial species and their relative abundance. This testing provides insights into how the skin's microbial ecosystem impacts health conditions such as acne and eczema. Skin microbiome research is increasingly being used to develop personalised skincare products and therapeutic approaches. (Byrd et al., 2018) Stool Microbiome Testing Stool testing remains one of the most common and accessible methods for analysing the gut microbiome. These tests evaluate the diversity and abundance of microbial species, helping to identify imbalances linked to conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and obesity. A study by Zhernakova et al. (2016) emphasises the utility of stool microbiome tests in detecting dysbiosis and understanding its relationship to health outcomes. Saliva Microbiome Testing Saliva microbiome testing is another non-invasive method, focusing on the oral microbiota. This test can provide insights into oral health, periodontal disease, and even systemic health conditions linked to the oral microbiome. A study by Aas et al. (2005) illustrates that the oral microbiome reflects changes in health status, making saliva testing an essential tool for early disease detection. Blood Microbiome Testing While less common, blood microbiome testing is gaining traction, especially for identifying systemic infections or chronic conditions. This testing method analyses microbial DNA present in the bloodstream, which can reveal insights into conditions like sepsis and cardiovascular diseases. A paper by Cheng et al. (2023) reviews the emerging concept of the blood microbiome, highlighting its potential role in human health and disease, while addressing existing controversies and the need for further research to understand its clinical implications. Tissue Biopsy Microbiome Testing Tissue biopsies are increasingly utilised for studying the microbiome within specific organs, particularly the gastrointestinal tract. This method allows for direct analysis of microbial communities in tissue samples, providing insights into diseases such as colorectal cancer and IBD. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing have enhanced the ability to identify and characterise microbial populations in biopsies, as noted by Schulfer and Blaser (2015). Conclusion Choosing the right microbiome test depends on individual health concerns and goals. Stool and saliva tests are excellent for general gut and oral health insights, while blood and tissue tests offer deeper analysis for chronic diseases. As research continues to evolve, these tests will likely become even more integral to personalised healthcare and preventative strategies. References Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2005). Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(11), 5721-5732. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005 Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 Cheng, H. S., Tan, S. P., Wong, D. M. K., Koo, W. L. Y., Wong, S. H., & Tan, N. S. (2023). The blood microbiome and health: Current evidence, controversies, and challenges. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6), 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065633 Schulfer, A., & Blaser, M. J. (2015). Risks of antibiotic exposures early in life on the developing microbiome. PLoS Pathogens, 11(7), e1004903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004903 Zhernakova, A., Kurilshikov, A., Bonder, M. J., Tigchelaar, E. F., Schirmer, M., Vatanen, T., ... & Wijmenga, C. (2016). Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science, 352(6285), 565-569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3369

Pioneer global in vivo microbiome certification. Redefine skin science for a distinct market edge. Elevate your brand now. Global Leader for in vivo Microbiome Certification Create a World of Healthier Microbiomes In today's competitive market, it's crucial to find a unique selling point that sets your brand apart from the crowd. By harnessing the power of skin microbiome science, investing in in vivo testing, and obtaining the gold standard certification, you can create a competitive advantage that resonates with your customers. Gold Standard Certification Sequential is the gold standard for in vivo microbiome testing, using the most advanced analysis and sequencing technology to extract real and impactful conclusions. Global Testing Platform Having developed a testing platform that transcends continents, Sequential’s certification is globally recognised by academics, professionals and brands across the world. Human Microbiome Testing Sequential relies solely on the in vivo (in or on humans) approach due to the complex nature of the microbiome. The only meaningful way to test the microbiome is in vivo . Proprietary Microbiome Panel Having created a simpler approach to testing with our qPCR Smart Probes™, Sequential is able to measure the impact of a product against 20 key microbes down to strain level. Why is Certification Crucial? At present, there are no legal requirements when it comes to products claiming microbiome benefits. This is because the industry is still a young one, finding its footing and establishing its norms. As a result, Sequential has developed an in vivo testing approach with 25 minimum participants per group study to ensure that our studies are acknowledged at the strictest academic level. Unlike the in vitro approach, our in vivo certification is designed to demonstrate the true impact of all formulations in a real-life context on accurate application sites. Certify your Product Today! Rising Consumer Demand for Microbiome Supporting Formulations At Sequential, we have carried out significant market research on the demand for products claiming microbiome benefits. The results of our market research on over 3,500 participants found that 80% demand a customised microbiome-based skincare product that factors ethnicity, age, location and skin concerns. Moreover, 65% understand that the skin microbiome provides a protective barrier on the surface of their skin, and 60% would spend more on a skincare product that can positively impact their skin microbiome. (Sequential market research in 2019: 99% women, ages 18+) FAQ What is Sequential's testing platform? Sequential has developed the gold standard test for microbiome-friendly products, in vivo (in, or on, humans). Finally, we can give some certainty about if a product is truly affecting the microbiome. We offer a complete end-to-end solution to support microbiome-friendly claims. From consultancy and study design to our proprietary microbiome testing kits. We analyse, interpret and report our findings to meet your needs. Why is it necessary to test the microbiome in vivo? At present, there are no regulations for microbiome-related formulas that brands and formulators can follow, however, it has been universally acknowledged that the in vivo method of conducting clinical studies is becoming critical and paramount to getting marketing claims through. When regulations are introduced, which may be imminent, the in vitro system will find itself lacking, resulting in limited claims and certifications that do not hold their value. This is why, we at Sequential strive to offer an in vivo approach, knowing full well that we want our client's claims to be significantly backed by scientific and quantifiable data. What type of sequencing technology does Sequential use for analysis? We offer four types of sequencing techniques including qPCR with our Smart Probes™, 16S, ITS and Shotgun Metagenomics. Using next-generation sequencing of the collection of microorganisms found on the body, during product usage, Sequential investigates the microbial diversity, and particular microorganisms we know are important and play a role in a healthy microbiome. Does Sequential offer claims certification for tested products? We provide our clients with a certification to claim “Maintains the Microbiome” subject to in vivo testing results which can be used in communication efforts. Once your product is tested with our qPCR Smart Probes™ and has shown favourable results in supporting the microbiome, we can certify your product with our Maintains the Microbiome certification seal. We have ensured that our seal and certification are backed by quantifiable data and scientifically significant markers. The aim is to ensure our clients feel confident in making their claims and can communicate the true benefit of their microbiome formulations.

Video on how to take a microbiome sample with Sequential's microbiome testing kit.

Genom and Sequential Announce Strategic Partnership to Advance Microbiome Testing Services in Personal Care and Pharma Sectors Zagreb, Croatia / London, UK – May 6 2025 – Genom d.o.o., a Croatian-based provider of genetic testing services, and Sequential Skin Ltd, a UK-based leader in end-to-end microbiome testing solutions, are pleased to announce a strategic partnership aimed at expanding access to advanced microbiome testing across the personal care and pharmaceutical industries. Through this agreement, Genom and Sequential are collaborating to expand microbiome testing efforts across the Balkans and Slavic regions—areas that have historically been underrepresented in microbiome research. By combining Genom’s deep regional expertise and network with Sequential’s advanced testing platform, the partnership aims to unlock valuable insights from a more diverse population base. This initiative supports both companies’ shared vision of advancing personalized health and product development through inclusive, data-driven innovation in the personal care and pharmaceutical industries. Sequential’s proprietary platform offers extensive sampling capabilities—including skin, scalp, oral, gut, and intimate areas—combined with advanced downstream analysis techniques such as qPCR and next-generation sequencing. With over a decade of academic research backing its methodology, Sequential empowers brands to better understand individual microbiomes and tailor products accordingly. Genom brings to the partnership a strong foundation in molecular biology and over a decade of experience in genetic testing, now expanding into microbiome analytics to support local companies in developing evidence-based products in the personal care and pharmaceutical sectors. Together with Sequential, Genom will play a key role in supporting regional operations, and scientific collaboration. This partnership is designed to jointly deliver tailored microbiome solutions to personal care and pharmaceutical companies. “Partnering with Genom allows us to explore the microbiome in regions that have been largely overlooked,” said Oliver Worsley, CEO of Sequential Skin Ltd . “It’s an exciting step toward building a richer, more representative microbiome dataset — one that will ultimately lead to better, more inclusive solutions in personal care and health.” “We are proud to be bringing world-class microbiome testing to our local industry. This partnership allows brands in our region to validate their innovations scientifically and competitively,” said Maja Barbalić, CEO of Genom d.o.o . About Genom d.o.o. Genom is a Croatian-based company specializing in molecular diagnostics and human genetics. Leveraging a scientific foundation and strategic industry connections, Genom supports its partners in bringing evidence-based innovations to market. About Sequential Skin Ltd Sequential is the world’s leading microbiome platform for skin, scalp and intimate area clinical microbiome testing. Sequential has collected over 25,000 microbiome samples, using machine learning to combine microbiome + clinical data + formulations, for effective personal care and healthcare applications. They are backed by Innovate UK Smart Grants, Enterprise Singapore, Corundum Systems Biology, SOSV, Scrum Ventures, and Metaplanet Holdings. Clients include Johnson & Johnson, Walgreens Boots Alliance, and 60 other leading clients in personal care and pharmaceutical.

Taking a microbiome sample for the purpose of gene expression.

How Do I Test My Microbiome? How Do I Test My Microbiome? The microbiome refers to the collection of trillions of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that live in and on your body, particularly in your gut. (Lloyd-Price, Abu-Ali & Huttenhower, 2016) These microbes are vital components in maintaining our health by aiding digestion, regulating the immune system, and even influencing mood and overall brain function. Given the growing interest in the microbiome's impact on overall well-being, testing the microbiome has broadened its appeal among people. Here's an overview of the process, why it's important, and what the results could reveal. Types of Microbiome Tests Skin tests: Skin microbiome samples are typically collected using non-invasive methods, such as swabs, tape strips, or skin scrapings. A swab is gently rubbed over the surface of the skin to capture microbial communities from different body areas, depending on the research or diagnostic needs. These samples are then sent to a lab for DNA sequencing to identify and quantify the microbial species present (Grice & Segre, 2011). This approach allows for a deeper understanding of how the skin's microbial balance impacts health conditions like acne, eczema, and skin infections. Saliva tests: Saliva microbiome testing is a non-invasive approach to assess the bacterial communities in the mouth, offering insights into oral and overall health. Through next-generation sequencing, saliva samples can reveal significant shifts in microbial composition, serving as early biomarkers for health conditions. For example, Aas et al. (2005) demonstrated that saliva microbiome testing could reveal distinct bacterial profiles associated with oral diseases, suggesting its importance in both oral and systemic health management. Stool tests: Stool microbiome testing evaluates the gut’s microbial composition by analysing bacteria, viruses, and fungi in stool samples. This non-invasive test helps identify microbial imbalances (dysbiosis) linked to conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders. By using next-generation sequencing, it reveals the diversity and abundance of gut microbes, which can inform insights into digestive, immune, and even mental health. Zhernakova et al. (2016) highlighted its potential in detecting gut-related health issues and promoting personalised healthcare strategies. Comprehensive clinical tests: In some cases, healthcare providers may recommend a more comprehensive testing that goes beyond the standard saliva and stool samples which include blood tests or even tissue biopsies; particularly when chronic conditions are present. These approaches can hold valuable information regarding systemic infections or localised imbalances in microbiota, which can significantly aid in the management of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and even cancer. (Schulfer & Blaser, 2015) Conclusion By testing our microbiome, we dive into important insights of our overall health by identifying imbalances in microbial communities, known as dysbiosis, which are interlinked to various health conditions. Understanding our microbiome composition allows for customised dietary and lifestyle adjustments to restore balance, as specific gut bacteria are essential for digestion, immune function, and mood regulation. (Zhernakova et al., 2016; Young, 2017) Advancements in microbiome research show that testing can aid in managing chronic diseases by guiding personalised treatment and dietary plans based on an individual's microbial profile, improving clinical outcomes and overall well-being (Lloyd-Price et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2021). Regular testing can optimise health, particularly concerning the gut-brain axis and metabolic health. References Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2005). Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(11), 5721-5732. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005 Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016). The healthy human microbiome. Genome Medicine, 8(51), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y Schulfer, A., & Blaser, M. J. (2015). Risks of antibiotic exposures early in life on the developing microbiome. PLoS Pathogens, 11(7), e1004903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004903 Zhernakova, A., et al. (2016). Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science, 352(6285), 565-569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3369

Discover our team of award-winning scientists dedicated to advancing microbiome research for a healthier world. Explore our expertise now. We are a Team of Award-Winning Scientists Creating a World with Healthier Microbiomes Our platform is the result of our team’s combined expertise in genetics, epigenetics, and microbiome research. We utilise deep molecular analysis and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to understand the impact of product usage on an individual’s microbiome. Through our efforts, we hope to revolutionise the way in which the industry develops and tests its products to deliver optimal results to those utilising them. Our Mission Sequential is the industry leader in clinical microbiome research and testing offering a comprehensive end-to-end platform designed to bring science-backed solutions to the personal care and pharmaceutical industry. Our mission is to understand the impact of the microbiome on the host (humans) and how the host impacts the microbiome in order to characterise human health fully. We offer an extensive platform to conduct research on personal care products through microbiome testing, and biophysical assessments, and offer full recruitment services for studies. We are keen to publish our findings with our partners to increase the literature within this space. At present our database of over 20,000 human microbiome samples is one of the most sophisticated within the industry and is growing rapidly. Innovation Pioneering the forefront of biological science, we consistently introduce groundbreaking advancements to redefine industry standards. Transparency Our commitment to openness ensures a clear understanding of our human microbiome testing processes and analysis. Reliability We guarantee dependable results, fostering trust in the accuracy of our analyses. Our Team at Sequential Dr. Oliver Worsley CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER & CO-FOUNDER Oliver is the co-founder and CEO of Sequential. He completed his PhD in molecular genetics as a scholar at the Genome Institute of Singapore from 2014-2018, and has won multiple awards including the P&G Young Entrepreneurship Scheme, presented at the Royal Society in London in 2017; and the top prize at the L’Oréal Innovation Runway 2018. Oliver has previously founded Anya Consulting, a healthcare communications company that has published >150 articles and has produced several technical whitepapers for clients like Fierce Health. Prior, Oliver completed his BSc at Edinburgh University, including six months at Leiden University Medical Centre through the Erasmus Programme. Derek Butler COMMERCIAL DIRECTOR Grace Robinson LAB OPERATIONS Omololu Fagunwa SENIOR BIOINFORMATICIAN Omera Bi R&D PROJECT SPECIALIST Thevi Maran LAB TECHNICIAN Dr. Albert Dashi CHIEF SCIENCE OFFICER & CO-FOUNDER Albert is the co-founder and CSO of Sequential. He completed his PhD in molecular genetics, epigenetics and stem cell research at the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Genome Institute of Singapore in 2019. In 2014, he received the Singapore International Graduate Award from A*STAR for his PhD research and was also awarded the “Young Investigator” award. He also won the “Young Entrepreneur Scheme” award by P&G for his innovative and business driven ideas. Prior moving to Singapore for his doctor program, Albert obtained his Masters in Biomedical Sciences at University of Bern, Switzerland. Marya Sheikh-Ahmed HEAD OF MARKETING Forest Wong SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Dr. Sija Sajibu RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Amber Eades STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS LEAD Petronille Houdart, PharmD SKINCARE DIRECTOR Petronille is Sequential's lead skincare director, focused on translating the latest in skin science to personalised skincare recommendations. She has over a decade in the industry, working with international brands to lead and consult on R&D, creative projects and brand innovation. Petronille also led her own award-winning dermocosmetic brand, Petronille Dermo Cosmetic, that produced customisable products for men and women. Petronille holds an MSc in Cosmetology Sciences and a professional doctorate in pharmacy (specialising in dermo-pharmacy) from Paris Descartes University. Sibora Peca CLINICAL OPERATIONS LEAD Carla Brown SALES ASSOCIATE Shalindri Jayawardene SCIENCE MARKETING ASSISTANT Bindu Priyanka RESEARCH ASSOCIATE Ami Picari JUNIOR CLINICAL ASSISTANT Please find listed a selection of relevant peer-reviewed publications from our advisors. Wu G, TL Dawson, et al. (2015) Genus-Wide Comparative Genomics of Malassezia Delineates Its Phylogeny, Physiology, and Niche Adaptation on Human Skin. PLOS Genetics 11(11): e1005614. Chng, K., Nagarajan, N., et al. (2016) Whole metagenome profiling reveals skin microbiome-dependent susceptibility to atopic dermatitis flare. Nat Microbiol 1, 16106. Tay, A.S., Nagarajan, N., et al (2018). 1039 Skin microbiome profiles of atopic dermatitis patients segregate into two community composition types that are stable before and after therapy. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 138. S176. 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1051. Ramasamy S., Barnard, E., Dawson, TL, and Huiying Li. (2019). Role of the skin microbiota in acne pathophysiology. British Journal of Dermatology, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18230. Dawson, TL. (2019) Malassezia: The Forbidden Kingdom Opens. Cell Host Microbe https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.010 Tay, A.S., Nagarajan, N., et al (2020). Atopic dermatitis microbiomes stratify into ecologic dermotypes enabling microbial virulence and disease severity. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.031. Dawson, TL. (2021) Malassezia: A Skin Commensal Yeast Impacting Both Health and Disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.659219 Bissonnette, Robert & FAAD, & Palijan, Ana & Salem, Youssef & Maari, Catherine & Proulx, Etienne & Edjekouane, Lydia & Joly-Chevrier, Maxine & Devis, Andrew & Dashi, Albert & Worsley, Oliver. (2024). 50694 Gut microbiome differences between patients with moderate to severe Chronic Hand Eczema and healthy subjects. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 91. AB224. 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.07.889. Supported By Scientific Board of Advisors Our advisors are world leaders in the skin microbiome and have extensive experience in bringing forward solutions for skin concerns Prof. Tom Dawson Senior Principal Investigator at Skin Research Institute of Singapore. Over 30 years experience in biotechnology innovations, and expert in the skin and hair microbiome. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Pharmacology at the Univer sity of North Carolina. Dr Kimberly Capone Dr Kimberly Capone is a pioneer and established expert in microbiology and the human microbiome field where she created new business opportunities across multiple brands over 13 years at Johnson & Johnson Consumer, Inc. Areas of concentration included infant and adult skin, vaginal, gut, and oral health. Prof. Phillip Bennett Phillip Bennett is Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Director of the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology. Professor Bennett has been one of the key pioneers in researching the vaginal microbiome. In particular, to understand and characterise the impact of the vaginal microbiome on preterm labour. Bennett has published over 400 peer-reviewed research articles over his career. Dr Natalya Fox Dr Natalya Fox is a Dermatologist at the NHS - St George's Hospital, London. Previously, Fox did her MBChB at the University of Edinburgh 201 4 and has her Full MRCP UK in Dermatology. Fox is passionate about the skin microbiome and its place in dermatology. Prof. Elena Lurie-Luke A senior R&D, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Executive with extensive technical, strategic business development. Proven leadership experience in both global FMCG and public health sector environments. Prof. Niranjan Nagarajan Associate Director & Senior Group Leader at Genome Institute of Singapore. Expert in computation biology, in particular the study of microbial communities resident on the human skin. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Computer Science at Cornell University. Dr Alexander Lezhava Senior Group Leader & Associate Director at Genome Institute of Singapore. Expert in the commercial development of medical diagnostics and clinical-grade molecular assays. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Microbiology at Hiroshima University. Our Labs Sequential has clinical testing labs in New York City, Cambridge and Singapore. Being close to our customers has allowed us to reduce turnaround time, whilst retaining the intellectual property in-house. Supporting World-Class Clients & Partners

Multi-Omic Studies with Sequential At Sequential, our mission has always been clear: to understand the impact of the microbiome on humans and how humans impact the microbiome in order to characterize human health fully. Our Multi-Omic Studies brings us back to the core of our mission by offering an unparalleled approach to skin health research. By combining human and microbial analysis, Sequential is setting a new standard in clinical testing. This comprehensive methodology enables us to unlock deeper insights into the complex interplay between the microbiome and human biology, offering more tailored and effective product assessments for our partners in personal care and the pharmaceutical industries. Start Your Multi-Omic Study Today! *Hover over the diagram to unlock each area that we explore! Identify key genetic markers linked to health, aging, and disease susceptibility Predict responsiveness to product SNP Detection & Risk Assessment Gene Expression Profile Uncover how genes are activated in response to lifestyle, environment, and treatments The effect of product on skin-related gene expression Protein Profiling Analyse protein biomarkers to track biological changes and optimise product efficacy Measure skin protein production after a product treatment Lipid Profiling Investigate lipid composition for insights into skin barrier function and metabolic health Assess how a product restores lipid homeostasis qPCR Sequencing Investigate the absolute quantification of key microbes in any sample Assess how a product impacts the most significant bacteria in a sample Metatranscriptomics Uncover how genes are activated in response to lifestyle, environment, & treatments. The effect of product on skin-related microbial gene expression ITS Sequencing Investigate all present fungi in any given sample Understand how a product impacts the skin's fungal community Shotgun Metagenomics Investigate all present microorganisms in any given sample Understand how a product impacts the skin's bacteria, fungal and viral communities 16S Sequencing Investigate all present bacteria in any given sample Understand how a product impacts the skin's bacterial community Metabolomics Map metabolic pathways to assess skin and body health, aging, and personalized wellness. Metabolic shift pre- and post-product application Why Multi-Omic Testing? Understanding how products impact both the human body and its microbiome is essential for creating truly effective solutions. Our multi-omic approach provides: Deeper Insights – See how products influence human health at a biological level Clinically Validated Science – Data-backed results to support claims and innovation Personalized Health & Wellness – Create tailored products that optimize skin and body health Scalable & Flexible Testing – In-lab or remote studies with diverse sample collection options Microbiome's Impact on Human Health The Bright Side of Skincare: How LEDs Influence Microbial Balance With LED face masks and light-based skincare rapidly increasing in popularity, light has become a new frontier in skin health. Previously seen as a threat and something that we needed to block or avoid, light is now being seen as therapeutic tool. Yet beyond the visible changes to tone and texture, light also interacts with the skin microbiome. Understanding how different wavelengths influence this ecosystem is key to ensuring that light enhances, rather than harms, our skin’ How Pregnancy and Postpartum Transform the Skin Microbiome During pregnancy, the skin microbiome undergoes significant shifts. Across the trimesters, both the composition and behaviour of skin bacteria change. Postpartum, the maternal skin microbiome continues to evolve which is influenced by hormonal resets, environmental exposures, and hygiene practices. These shifts can also influence an infant’s earliest microbial encounters, during a critical period of skin development. What We Know: Pregnancy significantly changes the skin mic Understanding the Microbial Roots of Seborrheic Dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common inflammatory skin condition primarily affecting the scalp, face and chest. It appears as red, flaky, greasy patches or plaques and can cause itching and discomfort. It is a non-contagious condition varying in severity, from mild dandruff to persistent inflamed lesions. What we know: SD is linked to three main factors: increased sebum (oil) production, colonization by Malassezia yeast, and an abnormal immune response. Genetics, skin barr Your Muti-Omics Questions Answered What is multi-omic testing, and why is it important? Multi-omic testing integrates multiple layers of biological data—including genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and microbiome science—to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how products impact both the human body and its microbiome. This approach goes beyond traditional microbiome testing, helping brands develop more effective, scientifically backed solutions. How does Sequential’s multi-omic approach differ from traditional microbiome testing? Most microbiome studies focus only on bacterial composition. At Sequential, we go further by analyzing: Human gene expression to understand how a product influences skin health at the molecular level Metabolomics & lipid profiling to track changes in skin health and barrier function Protein profiling to measure product-driven biological changes Advanced microbiome techniques to assess bacteria, fungi, and viruses collectively This holistic approach ensures deeper insights for product development and claim validation. What can multi-omic testing help me understand about my product? Product effectiveness – See how formulations impact skin and microbiome health Personalized wellness – Identify genetic or metabolic factors that influence individual responses to products Barrier function & hydration – Understand how products restore lipid balance and improve the skin barrier Microbial balance – Determine whether a product supports a healthy microbiome or disrupts it What specific tests does Sequential offer under multi-omic analysis? Human Health Insights SNP Detection & Risk Assessment – Identifies genetic markers related to aging, disease risk, and product responsiveness Metabolomics – Maps metabolic pathways to track skin and body health before and after product use Human Gene Expression – Determines how genes react to lifestyle, environmental factors, and treatments Protein Profiling – Measures skin protein production to optimize product efficacy Lipid Profiling – Assesses lipid composition for insights into skin barrier health Microbiome Science & Testing Smart Probes™ qPCR – Tracks 20 key microbes to measure microbiome shifts after product use Microbial Profiling (16S & ITS) – Identifies all bacteria and fungi in a sample Microbial Gene Expression (Metatranscriptomics) – Evaluates how microbes react to environmental factors and treatments Shotgun Metagenomics – Provides a complete profile of bacteria, fungi, and viruses in any sample

Download your Personal Skin Health Tracker app by Sequential Skin to receive your microbiome test results and unlock personalized skincare tips. Get it now! The skin health tracker Benefit of your personal Skin Health Tracker Download your personal Skin Health Tracker app to receive your microbiome test results and unlock personalized skincare tips. Results Skin Profile Receive your comprehensive skin microbiome sample results. Results Accessibility Access to your Skin Profile results in the palm of your hand. Results Unlock Our Expertise Learn skincare tips to help you with your own perceived skin traits. Results Discover Learn more about the skin microbiome through our Discover articles. Frequently asked questions What is the Skin Health Tracker? The Skin Health Tracker is a mobile application that can be downloaded on iOS and Google Play that will help you track your skin over time. Once you have ordered your kit and activated it, you will receive the results of your test on your Skin Health Tracker within 2-3 weeks. What are the benefits of the app? You will have access to your Skin Profile at the touch of your hand. It is always accessible as it is on your mobile phone. You will also have access to our Discoveries and skin tips which will help you to make better-informed decisions about your skin. What will your Skin Profile on the app tell you? Your Sequential report gives you a clear and in-depth look at your Skin Microbiome Balance Index score, which reflects the state of your skin microbiome and assesses the effects that your physical environment has on your skin. It will also highlight the age of your skin based on the test and give you tips on how to rebalance your skin microbiome. Unearth the secrets of your microbiome

Participate in Sequential’s skin, scalp, oral and intimate-care microbiome studies. Join our research community and help brands create evidence-based products. Join Our Research Community At Sequential, we’re advancing the science of personal care by testing products for large, industry formulators to ensure that clinically back solutions are presented to consumers worldwide. To do this, we collaborate with individuals who are interested in contributing to cutting-edge research that helps companies and scientists better understand how the microbiome and human biomarkers can impact the health of skincare, scalp care, intimate care and oral care. Why Participate? By joining our participant community, you will: Contribute to meaningful scientific research that drives innovation in personal care and pharma. Support the development of evidence-based products. Receive clear instructions and research updates tailored to each study you join. Help shape the future of personal care science. Participate In A Study First name* Last name* Email* Write a message I agree to the Privacy Policy and consent to data processing. Submit

Sequential is pleased to announce the opening of it's first European lab based in London. We look forward to bringing our clinical microbiome testing service for personal care products to the UK and greater European market. Unveiling Sequential Bio’s New London Lab testing HQ 18th October 2022 - In an effort to keeping the entire testing process in-house, allowing for rigorous quality control, and meeting the demand of our European clients - today we announce the opening of our testing lab in London. Sequential is proud to announce that it will open a European HQ, and testing lab site in White City, London. One key quality that makes Sequential stand out from its competitors is keeping the testing protocols and quantitative analysis in-house. This gives them the ability to ensure the processing, and targeting of microbiome markers for their clients is extremely high quality. “Innovative R&D, and rigorous quality control on our lab testing and processes have always been front of mind at Sequential. By opening a lab in London, we’re responding to the demand from customers - whilst retaining control over our quality in testing.” - Dr Oliver Worsley, CEO/Co-Founder. Adding to their testing labs in Singapore, and New York, in which they serve Singapore, Thailand, Australia, and the US markets. This enables faster turnaround time for European clients, as the demand for non-invasive molecular analysis of the skin reaches new heights in Europe. Between 2018 - 2022, there have been over 34 microbiome deals (licensing and investments) made. With an average contract value of $257M, this has created over $2.3B of value in the gut and skin microbiome space. Europe is a significant player in the global microbiome field, expected to grow at a CAGR of 24.25% (between 2022-2028). About Sequential Sequential is part of the Sequential Skin group – with a US lab in New York City, alongside a lab in London and a lab in Singapore. Sequential Bio team has over 20 years of combined expertise in genetics, epigenetics, and microbiome research. It was recognised recently as the “Most Significant ” Testing Method in the Industry. Sequential has validated its AI-driven testing platform with over 30 companies, analyzing over 12,000 skin microbiome samples. They specialise in skin, scalp and vulva/vaginal microbiome samples. They are supported by Enterprise SG, A*STAR, Genome Institute of Singapore, IndieBio New York, SOSV, Metaplanet Holdings, Scrum Ventures, Genedant VC, Ben Holmes (ex. General Partner at Index Ventures), Innovate UK, and are a resident company of Johnson & Johnson Innovation – JLABS.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin condition, affects around 31.6 million people in the U.S., with 15-20% of children globally and 7.3% of U.S. adults experiencing the condition. TARGETED SKIN PANEL Atopic Dermatitis Targeted Panel 23 Smart Probes ™ Atopic Dermatitis Panel Validated targets: Staphylococcus aureus, Malassezia spp, Staphylococcus epidermidis Absolute Quantification End-to-end Service Qet a Quote Atopic Dermatitis Study with Sequential's Cutting-Edge Microbiome Testing Why Microbiome Testing for Atopic Dermatitis? Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin condition, affects around 31.6 million people in the U.S., with 15-20% of children globally and 7.3% of U.S. adults experiencing the condition (National Eczema Association). AD often results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, such as irritants in cosmetic products. Disruptions to the skin’s microbiome play a significant role in the disease's development and severity. Imbalances in beneficial and harmful microbes can exacerbate AD, highlighting the importance of targeted treatments. In vivo testing for products aimed at managing AD is essential because it allows researchers to understand how formulations impact both the skin barrier and microbiome in real-world conditions. Properly tested products can help reduce irritation and avoid worsening symptoms, offering a science-backed approach to skincare for those with AD. Sequential is leading the way in microbiome testing for the industry. With a specialized focus on skin conditions, we have developed an innovative solution tailored to help you understand the root causes of AD at the microbial level. Our proprietary sequencing panel is designed specifically to offer in-depth analysis of AD-associated microbiota, giving you the tools to transform skincare solutions. Customized Analysis Tailored insights specific to AD-prone skin, allowing your R&D team to develop more personalized and effective products. Actionable Data Leverage detailed reports to guide formulation decisions and validate product efficacy with precision. Product Innovation New AD treatments or enhancing existing lines, our data helps you create targeted solutions with proven results. Precision Sequencing Target specific microbial communities associated with AD development and severity. Smart Probe s ™ Our dedicated team of scientists has developed a revolutionary method for evaluating microbes through our Smart Probes™. This proprietary panel includes 23 key microbes that we have specifically identified as having the most significant impact on skin health. To further understand the intricate relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and the skin microbiome, we use qPCR technology. This advanced technique allows us to precisely quantify microbial populations on the skin, providing deeper insights into how AD affects the microbiome. By closely monitoring how products interact with both beneficial and harmful microbes, companies can create solutions for AD but also restore a healthy balance to the skin’s ecosystem. Atopic Dermatitis Panel Targets Staphylococcus aureus This bacterium is frequently found in higher numbers on the skin of individuals with atopic dermatitis. It can exacerbate inflammation and contribute to skin barrier disruption. Malassezia spp This genus of yeast, which is part of the normal skin flora, can become overgrown in individuals with atopic dermatitis, potentially aggravating symptoms. Staphylococcus epidermidis While generally considered a commensal organism, imbalances in its population, along with other microbes, can influence the skin's health and contribute to atopic dermatitis symptoms. Industry Leader in Absolute Quantification Sequential’s Smart Probe ™ qPCR approach to microbiome analysis can resolve species and subspecies, giving statistically significant findings between skin conditions on in vivo human samples, compared to conventional sequencing approaches. Relevant Research Revolutionising Eczema Care: The Promise of Live Biotherapeutic Products AOB for AD: Ammonium-oxidising Bacteria as an Innovative Approach to Managing Atopic Dermatitis Answers for Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies: What is the Role of the Skin Bacteriome? Read More Articles