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Tranexamic acid (TXA) has gained significant attention in skincare for its ability to treat hyperpigmentation by interrupting both pigment formation and pigment driven inflammation. Originally used medically to reduce bleeding, TXA inhibits plasma activity, a pathway recognised as relevant in pigment regulation. Its long clinical history means TXA enters cosmetic skincare with a stronger evidence base than many commonly used brightening ingredients. As its use grows, understanding how TXA performs within real formulations and on different skin types is essential for credible product development. What We Know: TXA (oral, intradermal and topical) improves melasma and other forms of hyperpigmentation, with significant reductions in MASI scores when compared to baseline or control (Calacattawi,et al, 2024). TXA decreases UV-induced melanocyte signalling, helping limit excess melanin production (Minasyan et al, 2024). TXA disrupts pigment transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, improving post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (Chen et al, 2024). Topical TXA is well tolerated and can be paired with treatments such as microneedling, to enhance results, offering a safer alternative to stronger agents like hydroquinone (Konisky et al, 2023). Industry Impact and Potential: TXA’s multi-pathway action offers advantages for product development; Broad applicability -> Effective across varied pigmentation concerns including melasma, post inflammation hyperpigmentation and general uneven tone. Good tolerability -> Suitable for sensitive skin when formulated at low concentrations. Synergistic formulating -> Pairs well with niacinamide, vitamin C derivatives and retinoids for complementary pathways. Our Position: At Sequential, we help brands move from “TXA is trending” to “here is exactly what TXA is doing in this formula, on this skin.” We can help uncover what TXA is actually doing once it enters a full product system, how it interacts with other actives, whether it reaches relevant biological pathways, and how skin responds over time. Using our in-vivo testing frameworks, microbiome-aware models and multi-omic platforms, we can map changes in pigment biology, inflammation, and barrier behaviour . Our global database of 50,000+ samples allows us to benchmark TXA-containing formulations against diverse skin types, tones and real-world microbiome profiles, revealing who benefits most and why. References: Calacattawi, R. et al. (2024). Tranexamic acid for melasma: meta-analysis of RCTs. J Dermatol Treat, 35. Chen, T. et al. (2024). Tranexamic acid for hyperpigmentation disorders: an update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol, 17, 2151–2163. Konisky, H. et al. (2023). Tranexamic acid in melasma: administration routes. J Cosmet Dermatol, 22, 1197–1206. Minasyan, M. et al. (2024). Oral tranexamic acid for PIH prevention and treatment. Dermatol Surg, 50, S219–S224.

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, how they are expressed, modified and interact with the body. In skincare, proteomics is emerging as a powerful tool to understand how products influence skin function at a molecular level. Proteins play an important part in many skin processes and by analysing them, offers a more accurate picture of skin health, deeper than surface level observations alone. Unlike genomics, proteomics captures which proteins are present and active under specific conditions. What We Know: Proteomic analysis can identify shifts in structural proteins (e.g., keratin, filaggrin, collagen) associated with barrier strength and elasticity (Ma et al, 2020). Longitudinal proteomic monitoring reveals how products influence ageing pathways, including oxidative stress responses and collagen degradation (McCabe et al, 2020). Proteomics helps differentiate between short-term cosmetic effects and deeper, biologically meaningful changes (Benoit et al, 2023). Proteomics can be combined with microbiome data to show how protein changes relate to shifts in microbial activity, giving a clearer picture of overall skin health (Roux et al, 2021). Industry Impact and Potential: Proteomics opens new opportunities for product development; Targeted formulations:  By identifying protein level changes, more precise ingredient selection for specific skin concerns can occur. Personalised skincare:  Proteomic fingerprints may help tailor products to individual biological responses rather than general skin types. Credible product claims:  By combining proteomics with clinical endpoints, formulators can link specific protein changes directly to visible and functional outcomes. Our Position: At Sequential, we move beyond generic claims to generate clear, defensible evidence of biological impact. By integrating proteomic analysis with microbiome and multi-omic data from our global database of 50,000+ samples, we can determine exactly how formulations influence skin function over time. Our approach focuses on real-world evidence, quantifying changes in protein expression, barrier integrity and resilience, to support the development of products grounded in measurable outcomes rather than marketing terminology. References: Benoit, I. et al. (2023). A proteome-centric view of skin ageing and age-related pathways. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol, 16, 79–85. Ma, J. et al. (2020). Quantitative proteomics analysis of young and elderly skin. Aging (Albany NY), 12, 13529–13554. McCabe, M. et al. (2020). Alterations in extracellular matrix composition during ageing. Matrix Biology Plus, 8. Roux, P. et al. (2021). Integrative multi-omics reveals microbe–metabolite clusters linked to skin health. J Invest Dermatol.

For years, intimate care has relied on pH balancing as a measure of safety. However, pH alone does not protect vaginal ecosystems. Microbiome profiles differ widely between women based on hormones, ethnicity, contraceptive use, hygiene habits and life stage. Even pH-aligned products can still disrupt balance, reduce protective lactobacilli or slow recovery, leading to discomfort or recurring symptoms.   What We Know; Research highlights that: •      Vaginal microbiomes differ significantly between individuals and life stages, yet these variations can remain healthy (Condori-Catachura et al., 2025). •      Preservatives, surfactants and fragrance compounds can reduce lactobacillus dominance even when pH remains within recommended ranges (Han et al., 2021). •      Microbial recovery after disruption, particularly following antibiotic use or infection treatment, can take weeks  and with increased reoccurrence risks (Lehtoranta et al., 2020). •      “Gentle” or “pH-balanced” claims do not reliably protect against dysbiosis; true safety depends on strain-level preservation (Valeriano et al., 2024).   Industry Impact and Potential; Understanding these shifts means brands can now design products that better reflect real user needs: •      Lifecycle aligned solutions for key phases such as postpartum recovery, peri-menopause, or post-antibiotic care, where microbial disruption is most pronounced. •      More honest, evidence-based claims, moving beyond vague words like “gentle” or “pH-balanced” and focusing on real microbiome support. •      Clear guidance for users, helping people choose products that fit their unique microbiome or life stage, instead of assuming everyone needs the same thing.   Our Solution: Sequential evaluates how intimate-care products affect the vaginal microbiome in real use. Using qPCR, 16S, ITS and metagenomics, and drawing on a database of 50,000+ microbiome profiles, we measure effects on lactobacillus dominance, disruption and recovery over time. This evidence raises the standard for microbiome-safe intimate care, moving beyond pH-based claims toward solutions rooted in real biological protection.   References: Condori-Catachura, S. et al. (2025) Diversity in women and their vaginal microbiota. Trends in Microbiology, 33(11), 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2024.12.012 Han, Yet al., 2021. Role of Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Gynecological Diseases and the Potential Interventions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.643422 . Lehtoranta, L.,et al. (2020). Recovery of Vaginal Microbiota After Standard Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis Infection: An Observational Study.  Microorganisms ,  8 (6), 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060875 Valeriano, V., et al., 2024. Vaginal dysbiosis and the potential of vaginal microbiome-directed therapeutics. Frontiers in Microbiomes. https://doi.org/10.3389/frmbi.2024.1363089 .

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Partner with a specialist CRO for microbiome, genomic, and biomarker analysis. Support complex studies with integrated, high-quality data. Extend your clinical capabilities with microbiome & multi-omics expertise SKIN | SCALP | INTIMATE | ORAL We partner with CROs to provide advanced microbiome, genomic, and biomarker analysis—supporting complex study requirements without compromising timelines, quality, or client expectations. Extend your study capabilities A specialist partner, integrated into your workflow Sequential acts as an embedded scientific partner, supporting CROs with advanced biological analysis while allowing you to retain full ownership of client relationships. We provide: Microbiome sequencing and analysis Multi-omics and genomic profiling Biomarker-driven study design Condition-specific expertise in dermatology Our team integrates seamlessly into your study workflow, ensuring: aligned protocols consistent data quality efficient communication across stakeholders When study complexity exceeds internal capabilities As clinical studies evolve, sponsors increasingly require: microbiome analysis genomic and epigenetic profiling biomarker-driven endpoints For many CROs, these capabilities are: not available in-house difficult to build quickly or inefficient to scale for specific studies This creates risk: delays in study delivery reliance on fragmented external vendors challenges maintaining quality and consistency Multi-omics expertise on demand Access advanced capabilities without the need to build internal infrastructure. Seamless integration into your workflows We operate as an extension of your team, aligning with your protocols, timelines, and client requirements. Quality reproducible data & results Validated assays, SOP-controlled processes, and in-house analysis ensure consistent, reliable outputs. A collaborative, CRO-aligned approach 1 Study Protocols Integration We align with your study design, endpoints, and client requirements to ensure seamless integration. 2 Sampling & Assay Execution We support non-invasive sampling and run validated microbiome and multi-omics assays under controlled conditions. 3 In-house analysis & interpretation All data is processed internally, ensuring quality, speed, and scientific consistency. 4 Reporting & delivery We deliver clear, structured outputs that integrate directly into your study reports and client deliverables. Results Sequential Patch Results Multi-Omics Results Packages

What Disrupts the Skin Microbiome? What Disrupts the Skin Microbiome? The skin microbiome is an intricate ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that protect and maintain skin health (Smythe & Wilkinson, 2023). It acts as a defence against harmful pathogens, regulates inflammation, and supports the skin’s overall barrier function. However, disruptions to this microbiome can eventually lead to skin issues like acne, eczema, and various skin infections (Wallen-Russell, 2019). Understanding these disruptions is key to making informed choices about skincare, diet, and lifestyle to promote healthy skin. 1. Harsh Skincare Products Personal care products like soaps and lotions can disrupt the skin microbiome by removing natural oils and beneficial microbes. Many contain harsh chemicals, such as preservatives and fragrances, which reduce microbial diversity and promote the growth of harmful bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. A study by Wallen-Russel (2018) found that synthetic ingredients generally lower the positive effects on skin biodiversity. Using essential, pH-balanced skincare products is recommended to maintain a healthy skin microbiome. 2. Antibiotics and Medications The use of antibiotics is a major disruptor of the skin microbiome. While antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial infections, their overuse or misuse can eliminate beneficial bacteria alongside harmful pathogens. This disruption can lead to a decrease in microbial diversity and the dominance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which may contribute to skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. Studies have shown that prolonged antibiotic use can have lasting effects on the skin's microbial communities, making it more prone to dysbiosis and related diseases (Byrd et al., 2018). 3. Environmental Factors Environmental exposures are a major cause of skin microbiome disruption. Pollution, particularly airborne particulate matter and toxins, weakens the skin barrier and alters microbial diversity by causing oxidative stress and inflammation. This imbalance favours harmful microbes while reducing beneficial ones. Araviiskaia et al. (2019) found that chronic inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis tend to worsen in individuals, including children, when exposed to high pollution levels. While moderate sun exposure is beneficial, excessive UV exposure can cause acute and chronic skin damage, including inflammation, premature ageing, and increased cancer risk. Patra, Sérézal & Wolf (2020) highlights how UV radiation disrupts the skin microbiome, potentially leading to dysbiosis and compromised skin health. 4. Diet and Lifestyle Diet and lifestyle choices can also direct the overall health of the skin microbiome. Ghosh, McMahon & Lappin (2021) revealed that a plant-based diet can positively influence the skin microbiome, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby supporting overall skin health. Conversely, diets high in processed foods and saturated fats can negatively impact the microbiome and lead to health issues, including skin conditions. 5. Stress and Hormonal Changes Stress can significantly impact the skin microbiome, primarily through hormonal and behavioural changes. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased production of cortisol and other stress hormones. This hormonal response can cause inflammation and immune dysregulation, which may exacerbate various skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. Additionally, stress can lead to changes in behaviour, such as neglecting skincare routines or engaging in unhealthy habits (e.g., smoking, poor diet) that further disrupt the skin microbiome (Holmes et al., 2015). Reference Araviiskaia, E., Berardesca, E., Bieber, T., Gontijo, G., Sanchez Viera, M., Marrot, L., Chuberre, B., & Dreno, B. (2019). The impact of airborne pollution on skin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 33(8), 1496–1505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15583 Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 Ghosh, S., McMahon, A., & Lappin, D. F. (2021). The relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and skin health. Nutrients, 13(5), 1568. Holmes, C. J., Plichta, J. K., Gamelli, R. L., & Radek, K. A. (2015). Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection. Advances in wound care, 4(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2014.0546 Patra, V., Sérézal, I. G., & Wolf, P. (2020). Potential of Skin Microbiome, Pro- and/or Pre-Biotics to Affect Local Cutaneous Responses to UV Exposure. Nutrients, 12(6), 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061795 Smythe, P., & Wilkinson, H. N. (2023). The skin microbiome: Current landscape and future opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043950 Wallen-Russell, C. (2018). The role of Every-Day Cosmetics in Altering the skin Microbiome: A study using biodiversity. Cosmetics, 6(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6010002 Wallen-Russell, C. (2019). The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biology, 17(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0660-6