Introduction The oral cavity is one of the most structurally diverse environments in the human body, with a unique microbial ecosystem (i.e., microbiome) consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other groups of microorganisms that inhabit and colonise its various physical niches like teeth, gingiva, inner cheeks and saliva (Reynoso-García et al. , 2022). Here, these microbes play a vital role in driving oral health and disease progression, with the majority of bacteria in t
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