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Introduction Periodontal disease arises from a disruption of the normal bacterial balance in the oral cavity, leading to chronic inflammation of the gingiva and, in advanced cases, irreversible damage to the supporting tissues of the teeth. Gingivitis, the early and reversible stage, affects a large proportion of adults worldwide and can progress to periodontitis if left unmanaged. Globally, periodontal disease represents a significant public health burden, contributing to di

Introduction  The oral cavity supports complex microbial communities that play a crucial role in both oral and systemic health. When this balance is disrupted, it can lead to conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis. Certain species, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis , act as pathogens that promote disease progression even at low abundance. Oral biofilm development follows a structured sequence, beginning with early colonizers such as Streptococcus , which alter lo

Many people assume there is a single “healthy” or “perfect” microbiome to aim for, but in reality no two microbiomes are alike. Your skin’s microbiome is shaped by genetics, environment, ethnicity, lifestyle, hormones and even climate. Even people with the same skin type or routine can show distinct microbial profiles. What keeps one person’s skin balanced may do little for another, and in some cases can trigger disruption. What We Know: Research shows that: A healthy microbi

Introduction In the personal care industry, developing products that target or affect the skin, scalp, vaginal, and oral microbiome requires robust scientific validation that meets both biological and regulatory standards. While in vitro  (laboratory) testing provides valuable preliminary data, they cannot fully replicate the complex interactions occurring in the human body. Clinical testing in human subjects on the other hand captures the dynamic interactions between microbi