Introduction The oral cavity supports complex microbial communities that play a crucial role in both oral and systemic health. When this balance is disrupted, it can lead to conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis. Certain species, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis , act as pathogens that promote disease progression even at low abundance. Oral biofilm development follows a structured sequence, beginning with early colonizers such as Streptococcus , which alter lo